The Java War (1825–1830), one of the most significant
uprisings against Dutch colonial rule in Indonesia, is often remembered for the
valor and leadership of Prince Diponegoro. However, the intricate tapestry of
this historical conflict is woven with the contributions of several key figures
of mixed heritage, particularly those of Arab-Javanese descent. Among these
were Sayid Alwi Ba’abud and his descendants, whose stories exemplify the
intersection of cultural and strategic influence during this tumultuous period.
In 1755, the Mataram Sultanate split into the Surakarta
Sunanate and the Yogyakarta Sultanate due to the Giyanti Agreement. During this
transformative year, an Arab migrant named Sayid Alwi Ba’abud arrived on the
northern coast of Java. More than just a horse trader from Hadramaut, Sayid
Alwi was also a revered cleric and healer. His relationship with the Yogyakarta
Palace began under Hamengku Buwono I’s reign, where he was eventually trusted
as a religious advisor due to his profound knowledge of Islam.
The legacy of Sayid Alwi Ba’abud continued through his son,
Sayid Husain Ba’abud, who became an integral part of the Yogyakarta royal
family. This connection was solidified through his marriage to Raden Ayu
Samparwadi, the daughter of Hamengku Buwono II. This union originated under
dramatic circumstances; Samparwadi, gravely ill, was healed by the elderly
Sayid Alwi, who then arranged for his son to marry the young princess.
During the Java War, Sayid Husain Ba’abud, also known as
Kiai Haji Hasan Munadi or Tumenggung Samparwadi, served as the commander of the
Barjumungah regiment, a special unit guarding Prince Diponegoro. His son, Sayid
Ibrahim Ba’abud, also known as Pekih Ibrahim, played a crucial role as
Diponegoro’s negotiator. His efforts included negotiating with Dutch forces,
although these negotiations ultimately led to betrayal and capture.
The aftermath of the Java War had severe repercussions for
those who opposed the Dutch. Sayid Ibrahim Ba’abud was exiled to Ambon, while
Diponegoro was sent to Makassar. Both men died far from Yogyakarta, never to
return to their homeland. Despite their exile, their contributions and
sacrifices left an indelible mark on the history of the region.
Sayid Ibrahim Ba’abud’s story reflects a blend of Arab and
Javanese heritage. Raised by Ratu Ageng Tegalrejo, the consort of Sultan
Hamengku Buwono I, he was steeped in Islamic and Javanese cultural values. This
dual heritage was embodied in his life and actions, distinguishing him from
other members of the royal family. His cousin, Prince Diponegoro, despite being
purely Javanese, preferred Arab attire to symbolize his spiritual leadership,
showcasing the fluid cultural identities of the time.
Another notable figure was Prince Joyokusumo, the son of
Hamengku Buwono II and a Chinese-Javanese concubine. Known for his intelligence
and bravery, Joyokusumo stood out for his strategic acumen during the Java War.
His dedication saw him staying within the palace during attacks, contrasting
with other princes who sought refuge elsewhere. Joyokusumo’s valor earned him a
prominent place in Diponegoro’s forces, where he served as a senior commander
and cavalry leader.
The Java War also saw the participation of female warriors,
some of whom were of Chinese descent. This diverse makeup of Diponegoro’s
forces highlights the inclusive and multifaceted nature of the resistance,
drawing from various cultural backgrounds and communities within Java.
The histories of the Arab-Javanese and Chinese-Javanese
figures during the Java War underscore the complexity and richness of Indonesia’s
past. Their stories, intertwined with that of Prince Diponegoro, reveal a
broader narrative of resistance, cultural integration, and the enduring
struggle for autonomy. As we delve into these lesser-known aspects of history,
we gain a deeper appreciation for the diverse contributions that shaped the
course of Indonesian resistance against colonial rule.
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