The national movement represents a significant era in
Indonesia’s historical journey. This phase is marked not only by the
crystallizing ideas of its leaders that eventually led to independence but also
by the presence of physical monuments that serve as enduring reminders of this
struggle. Among these are the Tugu Lilin Surakarta and the Tugu Jong Sumatranen
Bond, both of which remain well-preserved today.
Before Indonesia gained independence, the founding day of
Budi Utomo, recognized as the precursor of the national movement, was already
being commemorated. Evidence of this early recognition is found in an
inscription on a candle-shaped monument located in the Penumping area of
Laweyan, Surakarta. This monument bears the inscription: “National Awakening
Monument. Commemoration of the Indonesian National Movement, 25 Years, May 20,
1908–1933.” Locally known as Tugu Lilin, the monument’s design resembles a
candle with a flame at its top, symbolizing the light guiding the nation.
The establishment of this monument is closely linked to the
Indonesian Political Associations Alliance (PPPKI), founded in 1927 as a
coalition of several political organizations. Sukarno, a key figure in
Indonesia’s independence movement, formed the PPPKI with the aim of uniting
various youth associations. During a 1933 meeting in Surakarta, the idea to
create a marker commemorating the inception of the national movement, marked by
the founding of Budi Utomo, was proposed and positively received by PPPKI
members.
Ir. Soetedjo’s candle-shaped design was chosen for the
monument, symbolizing strength and enlightenment. Despite numerous obstacles,
including opposition from the Dutch East Indies government and delays, the
construction of the monument was completed in October 1934. Initially named “Monument
of the National Movement 1908–1933,” it was later renamed “Monument of People’s
Progress 1908–1933” following further negotiations. Eventually, it became known
as the National Awakening Monument and, in 1953, was adopted as the emblem of
Surakarta.
The era of the national movement saw the emergence of
various organizations, including youth groups like the Jong Sumatranen Bond.
Founded on December 9, 1917, by Sumatra’s youths and students in Batavia, this
organization aimed to strengthen relationships among Sumatran students, instill
leadership awareness, and promote Sumatra’s cultural heritage.
The founders, Muhammad Anas, Tengku Mansur, and Alinudin,
established branches across multiple cities, significantly increasing
membership. By leveraging active members to spread the word in their hometowns,
Jong Sumatranen Bond grew rapidly, boasting nine branches within a year of its
inception.
In July 1919, Jong Sumatranen Bond held its first congress
in Padang, discussing organizational and youth issues. The congress concluded
with the establishment of a memorial monument, marking a significant event in
the youth movement. This obelisk-shaped monument, topped with a ball, features
inscriptions commemorating the congress and the founding and dissolution years
of the organization (1917 and 1930, respectively). Today, this monument is
known as the Jong Sumatranen Bond Monument or Youth Monument.
The national movement period, highlighted by the efforts of
organizations like Budi Utomo and Jong Sumatranen Bond, laid the foundation for
Indonesia’s eventual independence. The monuments from this era, such as the
Tugu Lilin and the Jong Sumatranen Bond Monument, stand as testaments to the
enduring spirit and unity of the Indonesian people in their struggle for
freedom and progress.
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